Artificial Intelligence and Data Science across Domains: A Comprehensive Review of Machine Learning, Big Data Analytics, Healthcare, and Intelligent Decision-Making

Advanced data processing, predictive modeling, and intelligent decision-making are reshaping various sectors with the power of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and data science. This review provides an overview of the principles, processes, uses, barriers and prospects of AI and big data analytics in healthcare and public health, industry, manufacturing, agriculture and public administration. It delves into machine learning algorithms, deep learning architectures, predictive analytics, and real-time data processing. In addition, it identifies issues of data quality, cybersecurity, privacy, algorithmic bias and model interpretability. New technologies such as federated learning, edge AI, and explainable AI provide avenues for the development of intelligent systems that are secure, scalable, reliable, and responsible.