Role of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Transforming Public Health Services: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Advanced public health services are leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) to revolutionize their functions by harnessing complex data for analysis, forecasting of disease outbreaks, and making intelligent decisions. They are covered in this review and used in epidemiological surveillance, disease prevention, population health management and optimization of healthcare resources. It delves into computational methods like neural networks, predictive modeling, and the structures of deep learning, as well as cutting-edge technologies like generative AI and federated learning. Some of the major obstacles are data privacy, algorithmic bias, model interpretability, and infrastructure constraints. Future research priorities are identified in this review and include an increased focus on explainable AI, ethical governance, reliable validation and equitable implementation to drive better public health outcomes globally.